Formats

The Paragraph Designer is used to create and manage paragraph formats.

Paragraph Designer

Basic

Paragraph properties such as indentation, spacing, alignment, tab stops, line spacing, and next paragraph format to use.

Font

Font properties such as font family, size, angle, weight, background color, and language. The Language drop-down list allows you to select LTR languages such as, English, German, Thai and RTL languages such as, Arabic, Hebrew, and Farsi.

Pagination

Pagination properties such as Keep With and format properties such as In Column, Across All Columns

Numbering

Use the available building blocks to define a numbering format.

Advanced

Properties such as automatic hyphenation and word spacing.

Asian

Apply Asian language settings such as Asian character spacing. Includes the Use Asian Composer checkbox to choose the FrameMaker Layout Engine (see Asian language support).

Table Cell

Paragraph properties applied to a table cell.

Direction

Specify the paragraph direction to Inherit (default), Left-to-Right, and Right-to-Left.

The Paragraph Catalog lists all the paragraph formats available for a document. To apply a paragraph tag, select the text and select the tag from the Paragraph Catalog.

Paragraph Catalog

1. Click in a paragraph whose format is like the one you want to create. Be careful not to select multiple paragraphs.

2. Open Paragraph Designer and enter a name for the new format in the Style text box.

   Note: The Update Style button changes to Create Style. All new paragraph formats are automatically stored in the paragraph Catalog.

3. Click Create Style.

4. Modify any of the properties you want.

   Paragraph formats must have all properties specified.

5. Click Update Style.

The Character Designer is used to create and manage character formats. All character formats are listed in the character catalog.

Character Designer

The Character Designer allows you to create new or update existing character formats. A wide range of character formatting options are available to you to design character formats as per your needs.

In FrameMaker, the PDF comments are imported with the highlighting retained due to the implementation of the text background color feature.

Set the text background color from the character and paragraph designers.

The Character Catalog lists all the character formats available for a document. To apply a character tag or style, select the text and select the tag from the Character Catalog.

Character Catalog

1. Click in a paragraph whose format is like the one you want to create. Be careful not to select multiple paragraphs.

2. Open Character Designer and enter a name for the new format in the Style text box.

   Note: The Update Style button changes to Create Style. All new character formats are automatically stored in the character Catalog.

3. Change the properties you want to include in the new character format.

4. Click Create Style.

You can change format properties and then use them to redefine, or update, the stored formats and all the text in the document tagged with them.

When you update a format, you can update all properties or just one group of properties. For example, you can change the default font family for all formats in a document without changing any other properties.

Importing paragraph or character fonts is also possible through the File > Import > Formats command.

When designing a template or importing a catalog from a template, you sometimes must rename or delete a format.

Deleting a format from a catalog does not affect any paragraphs or characters that have the same tag. The paragraphs or characters simply have a tag that isn’t in the catalog.

1. Choose a designer, and choose the format to rename or delete from the paragraph or character Catalog.

   Do this even if the format you want is already displayed. This step ensures that the properties do not include any format overrides.

2. Do one of the following:

   • To rename, enter a new name in the Style box and click Update Style.

   • To delete a format, select a format from the catalog and click Delete, and then select the format in the scroll list and click Delete. Click OK.

   • To delete all unused formats from a catalog, click Delete. Then click Delete until all formats have been removed, and click Done. Choose File > Utilities > Create And Apply Formats, and then click Continue. Any paragraph or character format used in the document is added back to the catalog.

   To avoid creating paragraphs for every override in your document, import the formats from your template. Importing formats from a template overrides any changes to paragraph and character tags and does not create additional tags in your document.

Paragraph formats apply at paragraph level, character formats at character or word level, and table formats apply to complete tables.

• Paragraph and table formats: Place the cursor inside the paragraph or the table, and select a format from the catalog.

• Character format: Select the text and click a format from the catalog.

When working from a stable template, you rarely have to create a format. If you’re designing a new template or if the template you’re using is incomplete, you may have to create new formats. The easiest way to create a format is to modify the properties of an existing format.

When you’re creating new formats, consider these suggestions:

• Use consistent naming conventions for similar kinds of paragraphs or text items within a paragraph, such as Head1 and Head2.

• To apply formats by using the keyboard, name the formats so that often-used ones are unique or alphabetically first in their letter group, such as “H1 Head2” or “H2 Head2.”

• Give each format a name that’s easy to remember, recognize, and type. If you assign a tag based on its use and not its appearance (for example, Emphasis rather than Italics), you can later change the format properties without having to change the tag.

• Be aware of capitalization. Tags are case sensitive. Also, you sometimes want related tags to appear together in the catalog, with names such as Body and BodyIndent.

• If you have many formats, precede them with a period to avoid excessive scrolling in the catalogs; an initial period brings often-used formats to the top of the catalog. To force occasionally used formats to the bottom of the catalog, precede them with a z or a tilde (~).

Well-designed templates often connect formats so that FrameMaker automatically applies a format to the paragraph that follows the current one.

1. Click in the paragraph.

2. Display the Basic properties of the Paragraph Designer, and choose a tag from the Next Paragraph Tag pop‑up menu. FrameMaker applies this tag when you press Return to create a paragraph.

3. Click Apply.

A paragraph format can include a line or other graphic that appears above or below a paragraph. Perhaps all top-level headings in a document rest on a long thin line.

1. On a reference page, draw or import the graphic in a reference frame, or locate one already there that you want to use.

2. Click in the paragraph you want to change. To place a line above or below several adjacent paragraphs, select all the paragraphs.

3. Display the Advanced properties of the Paragraph Designer, and choose the name of a reference frame from the Frame Above Pgf or from the Frame Below Pgf pop-up menu. All reference frames appear in the pop-up menus.

4. Click Apply.

You can configure the formats that are visible in a catalog and their order too.

1. Open a (paragraph, character, or table) catalog and click Options.

2. Select one of the following:

   • Show All, to see all available formats.

   • Show used before unused, to see used formats before unused formats in the catalog.

   • Show only used formats, to hide unused formats in the catalog, but retain them in the template.

   • Show only unused formats, to hide used formats in the catalog, but retain them in the template.

   • Delete all unused formats, to delete all unused formats from the template, without warning or confirmation.

   • Customized List, to customize which formats you see and in what order you see them.

3. Format being used in the current document are marked in the catalog. While editing the document, the usage status might not get updated automatically. To refresh the list click Refresh Catalog.

Formats can be deleted from respective catalogs.

• Open the catalog if not already open.

  • Paragraph catalog from Format > Paragraphs > Paragraph Catalog.

  • Character catalog from Format > Characters > Character Catalog.

  • Table catalog from Table > Format > Table Catalog.

• Click Delete.

• In the Delete Formats from Catalog window, select a format and delete it.

• Click OK to delete formats from document or close the window to undo the operation.

You can use the Fonts pod to identify all the fonts used in an open document or all open documents. The pod list area lists all the fonts used in a document. You can replace any font used in a document using the fonts pod including missing fonts. The missing fonts are indicated by a red cross sign.

Fonts pod lists all the fonts used in open documents.

A. Display only missing fonts or all fonts used in a document. B. Replace font to display the Replace Fonts pod. C. Select all open documents or currently open document. D. Refresh the list of fonts displayed in the pod list area. E. Missing fonts indicated by a red cross sign.

To replace a missing font:

1. Select a font from the list and click the Replace icon.

2. From the Replace Font pod, select the new font from the Replace With list box and click Apply.

   Replace fonts pod lists all the paragraphs in a document that use a selected font.
   

   

   
   

   A. Name of the selected font. B. Replace With list box lists all the fonts installed on your system. C. Locations list displays all the paragraphs in the document that use the selected font. D. Double-clicking any item in the list takes you to the location in the document that uses the selected font.

Format changes you make using the Format menu commands take effect immediately.

When changing font properties, keep in mind the following:

• To remove other style properties, choose Plain.

• If you change the font properties of selected text, those properties are retained when you later update the properties of the entire paragraph.

• You can change the font properties of text created with the Text Line tool as well as paragraph text.

• Do not use the Courier® font when Adobe® Type Manager® is turned off or not installed. If you do use Courier without ATM, FrameMaker products do not accurately display the Courier font.

• If a font has more than one weight—for example, Helvetica® Condensed Bold and Helvetica Condensed Black—the Format > Style submenu lists only Bold. To choose other weights, use the Font properties of the Paragraph Designer or use the Character Designer instead.

To change the default font properties of an entire paragraph, use the Paragraph Designer. The font families and styles available depend on which fonts are installed.

To change specific text within a paragraph, select the text and use the Character Designer.

You’ve probably seen many of the settings in other word processors, but a few can be new to you.

Numeric Underlining

To use a single offset and thickness for an underline regardless of the character’s font or size, choose Numeric Underlining. Regular and numeric underlining does not affect tab characters. If you want the tab space to be underlined, format that tab stop so that it uses a nonbreaking space as a leader.

Numeric and regular underlining

Change Bar

To display a change bar next to text, select Change Bar.

Color

To display the text in a different color, choose a color from the Color pop-up menu. If you define your own colors, they appear in the pop-up menu.

Spread

To add or subtract space between characters, enter a percentage for Spread. Spread—also called tracking—is expressed as a percentage of an em space. Normal spread is 0%.

-10% spread (top), 0% spread (center), 10% spread (bottom)

Stretch

To set the width of the character shapes, enter a percentage for Stretch.

Capitalization

To display all characters in uppercase but use slightly smaller capital letters for text that was in lowercase, choose Small Caps.

Using a designer to apply a capitalization style to text changes only the appearance of the text (for example, makes lowercase text appear in uppercase letters). To permanently change the text itself, use the Capitalization dialog box to replace selected text with text that is all uppercase, all lowercase, or initial caps.

Language

To change the language associated with the text, choose from the Language pop-up menu. The language you choose affects the text in system variables as well as both spell-checking and hyphenation. Also, changing the language to None prevents the selected text from being spell-checked.

Pair Kern

To adjust the space between two characters in the same word, select Pair Kern. The kerning pairs that have been defined depend on the font.

Kerning pairs turned on and off

Tsume

To move a Japanese character closer to the characters next to it, select Tsume. The amount of space a variable-width character, such as a parenthesis, can move is determined by the metrics for that character.

Adjustments to the properties of subscript, superscript (including footnote references), and small cap text apply to all such text in the document.

1. In the Text Options dialog box, specify a size, offset, and stretch percentage.

   When calculating the size and offset, FrameMaker multiplies the percentage you enter by the point size of the affected characters. For example, a 40% superscript offset value raises a 10-point character 4 points.

   The stretch percentage is the amount that characters are condensed or expanded.

2. Click Apply.

You can achieve some effects by stretching characters.

Text unchanged (top) and condensed 75% (bottom)

1. Depending on whether you are changing the entire paragraph or specific text in the paragraph, choose one of the following:

   • Font from the Properties pop-up menu in the Paragraph Designer.

   • Character Designer.

2. Enter a percentage in the Stretch box. A value of 100% means that the width of characters is as defined for the font. A value less than 100% condenses the width; a value greater than 100% expands the width.

3. Click Apply.

   Tip: In Japanese documents, use a stretch value greater than 100 to simulate heitai (horizontally stretched characters). Use a stretch value less than 100 and increase the point size of text to simulate chotai (vertically stretched characters).

You can also change the width of a text line by dragging to stretch the text.

1. Select the text line you want to change, and then drag one of its handles until the text is stretched to the shape you want. Dragging a corner handle changes the point size as well as the character width. You can also select a grouped object that includes a text line.

In addition to containing the full Japanese syllabaria, Japanese fonts include a set of Western characters to facilitate entering non-Japanese characters and numbers. You can define your own combined font—a font that uses a specified Western font with a specified Japanese font.

If you’re working on a system that supports Japanese text and if combined fonts are included as part of a template, they are available to you automatically. (The specified fonts must be installed.) If your system supports the typing of Japanese text in documents and dialog boxes, combined fonts appear at the top of the font lists along with regular Western and Japanese ones.

FrameMaker supports Japanese single-byte, half-width katakana characters in combined fonts. Changes to the combined fonts apply to the entire document.

1. In the Combined Fonts dialog box, do one of the following:

   • To create a new combined font, enter a name in the Combined Font Name box.

   • To change a combined font, select its name from the Combined Fonts list.

2. Do the following:

   • To specify the Japanese font, choose from the pop-up menu of font families in the Asian Text area.

   • To specify the Western font, choose from the pop-up menu of font families in the Western Text area.

   • To adjust the relative size and baseline offset of the Western text, enter values for Size and Offset. The size and offset of the Western text are percentages of the Asian point size. Use a negative offset to move the text below the baseline.

3. Click Add or Change.

4. Click Done.

1. To copy a set of combined fonts, choose File > Import > Formats and select Combined Fonts.

Use this method to set a background color for some of the text in a paragraph.

1. Select the text in a paragraph.

2. Open the Character Designer.

3. In the Background color drop-down list, choose a color and click Apply.

The background color is set for only the selected text in the paragraph.

1. Place the cursor anywhere within the paragraph.

2. Open the Paragraph Designer and go to the Font tab.

3. In the Background color drop-down list, choose a color and click Apply.

The background color is set for all the text in the paragraph.

1. Place the cursor anywhere within the paragraph.

2. Open the Paragraph Designer and go to the Advanced tab.

3. In the Pgf Box drop-down list, choose a color and click Apply.

The background color is set for the entire box that surrounds a paragraph.

When you set the background color of the text in paragraph, the color spans the text of the paragraph. However, in the case of a paragraph box, the text spans the entire real estate of the paragraph from the left margin to the right margin.

The alignment property of a paragraph determines how the paragraph is positioned between the left and right indents, not between the edges of the text column.

1. Do one of the following:

   • To use the ruler, drag the indent symbol to a new location on the ruler.

     A. First indent B. Left indent C.Right indent
     

     

     
     
     Tip: To align an indent with a ruler marking, turn on the snap grid (use Graphics > Arrange > Snap). When you drag an indent symbol, it snaps to locations corresponding to the snap grid.

   • To use an indent value, display the Basic properties of the Paragraph Designer. Enter the indents you want in the First, Left, and Right boxes, and then click Apply.

   • Choose an alignment from the Alignment pop-up menu on the formatting bar or in the Basic properties of the Paragraph Designer.

     Note: If you use Shift+Enter or Shift+Return to insert a forced return within a fully justified paragraph, the line that ends with the forced return is not justified.

If you press Tab and the insertion point doesn’t move, a tab stop hasn’t been defined.

You can choose from four types of tab stops—left, center, right, and decimal.

A. Left tab stop B. Center tab stop C. Right tab stop D. Decimal tab stop

You can also specify a pattern of characters—a leader—to fill the space between a tab and the character following it. Typically, a leader is a series of periods. Tab leaders are useful in tables of contents that have a wide gap between columns.

Vertical spacing is the space between paragraphs and lines. Horizontal spacing is the space between words and characters. Spacing properties go by different names in different contexts. The space between characters is often called pair kerning; adjusting the letter spacing in a line is spread or tracking; the line spacing of a paragraph— measured from the baseline of one line to the baseline of the next—includes its leading.

If your system supports the typing of Japanese text in documents and dialog boxes, you can adjust the following spacing properties:

• Special group of properties in the Paragraph Designer that controls some aspects of Japanese character spacing.

• Size, spacing, and alignment of rubi text throughout a document.

• Spacing of variable-width Japanese characters through selection of the Tsume font property.

Creating a numbered list sometimes involves formatting the first item in the list with a paragraph format that resets the counter to 1, and then formatting the remaining items with a different format that increments the counter. For example, perhaps you apply a Step1 format to the first item in a list and then StepNext to the rest. The template also sometimes defines formats that let you apply a single format to all items in a numbered list.

1. Display the Numbering properties of the Paragraph Designer and enter a series label in the Autonumber Format box if you need more than one autonumber series in the document.

   A series label consists of any single printable character followed by a colon (for example, S:). If you use a series label, it must appear at the beginning of the format.

2. Enter any text you want to have appear automatically with the autonumber format. You can enter tabs or counters from the Building Blocks scroll list. When you select an item, it appears at the insertion point in the Autonumber Format box.

3. Select a Character Format for the autonumber in the Character Format scroll list. If you don’t specify a format, the autonumber appears in the paragraph’s default font.

4. Choose a position for the autonumber from the Position pop-up menu. Autonumbers at the end of paragraphs are rare except in equation formats.

5. Click Apply.

6. If you inserted a tab (\t) in step 2, set a corresponding tab stop for the paragraph format.

In addition to the regular bullet symbol found in all text fonts, you can use any character in any installed font, including a dingbat font such as Zapf Dingbats®.

1. Click in a single paragraph or select adjacent paragraphs that you want to make into a bulleted list.

2. Display the Numbering properties of the Paragraph Designer and click the bullet and tab symbols (\b and \t) in the Building Blocks scroll list.

3. Click Apply.

4. If you inserted a tab (\t) in step 1, set a corresponding tab stop for the paragraph format.

Before specifying a special bullet symbol, create a character format that uses the font of the bullet symbol you want to use. For example, to use 9-point Zapf Dingbats, create a character format using that font. Give the format a descriptive name such as BulletFont.

1. Display the Numbering properties of the Paragraph Designer and enter the character corresponding to the bullet symbol you want in the Autonumber Format box.

   For example, if you want a Zapf Dingbats square bullet, enter a lowercase n, which appears as ■ in that font. To find the character that corresponds to the bullet symbol you want, see the character set for that font.

2. Click the tab symbol (\t) in the Building Blocks scroll list or enter spaces.

   Note: You sometimes must use special codes to enter characters such as nonbreaking spaces or em spaces.

3. In the Character Format scroll list, click the bullet character format that you created.

4. Click Apply.

1. Turn off Autonumber Format in the Numbering properties of the Paragraph Designer. Click the option twice to turn off the setting; clicking it only once changes it to As Is.

2. Click Apply.

A counter consists of angle brackets (< >) that surround a display style and an increment value. The Custom Autonumbering feature supports the Unicode text encoding standard.

A. Display style B. Increment value

To indicate the display style, use a counter with one of the following letters.

To indicate how an autonumber is incremented, use a counter with an increment value, as shown in the following examples.

By default, each counter is initially set to zero. The counter can maintain its current value, be incremented by 1, or be reset to a different value. For example, use <n=1> in the format that resets numbering to 1 at the beginning of a new set of numbered steps.

To keep the value the same but not display it, place a blank space between the angle brackets. If you leave out the blank space, the angle brackets appear as part of the autonumber format.

You can insert <$volnum>, <$chapnum>, <$sectionnum>, or <$subsectionnum> building blocks in paragraph formats. The book component numbers are determined by the settings in the Numbering Properties dialog box.

The following table illustrates how you can combine the chapter building block with other building blocks:

Table and figure numbers must all be in the same series for autonumbering in sections, as shown in the following table:

To achieve this type of numbering, construct autonumber formats in a single series using the same series label for each format. The following table shows possible autonumber formats. The formats are presented in a table so that you can clearly see the position of each counter in the string. Counter position determines how the counter is incremented.

Whenever a paragraph tagged SectionTitle occurs, the section number is incremented by 1, and the remaining counter values are reset to zero. Each <n+> counter in the remaining formats refer to a different type of item, so they’re incremented independently.

The < > counters keep FrameMaker from resetting values back to zero.

An autonumber format can contain more than one counter. For example, perhaps autonumbers for a series of section and subsection titles each contain two counters.

The counters in each format are independent of each other. The position of a counter in the string determines how it’s displayed and incremented. When incrementing a counter, FrameMaker bases its value on the corresponding counter in the previous autonumber paragraph in the same flow.

The following example shows multiple counters in section titles and subtitles. The counter before the period is incremented independently from the counter after the period.

The following example demonstrates outline style autonumber formats.

The autonumber in the heading Opening a file is reset to A; the second counter in the previous paragraph’s format resets the numbering to zero without displaying it, so <A+> increments the counter to 1 or A.

The < > counter in the Head2 format keeps the value of the first counter the same but doesn’t display it. If the < > counter is not in that position, the <A+> in the Head2 format refers to the first counter (not the second), and FrameMaker produces the following result:

Incorrect outline style autonumber format

Some numbering series—such as a list of numbered steps—start at 1 every time they are used. You can reset such a series in two ways.

The first example shows how to restart series numbering by using the <n=1> building block for the first step in the series, and then using <n+> for subsequent steps.

The second example shows another way to reset the counter so that you don’t have to use a unique format to start a numbered list. Instead, a paragraph that introduces the list uses a format that resets the counter.

The < =0> counter in the StepIntro format resets the S series to zero but doesn’t display the number.

If a counter is incremented, any omitted counters in the series to the right of it are reset to zero. For example, the following autonumber formats are equivalent:

S:<n+>< =0>\t

S:<n+>\t

The following counters in autonumber formats are allowed in Japanese text and with Japanese fonts.

Building block	Meaning		Characters, in this order
<zenkaku a>	Fixed-width lowercase Roman alphabet
<zenkaku A>	Fixed-width uppercase Roman alphabet
<zenkaku n>	Fixed-width Arabic numbers
<kanji kazu>	Standard kanji numbering, where double-digit numbers are made up from the traditional kanji characters for ten, one hundred, and so on
<kanji n>	Numbers used for street addresses, phone numbers, postal codes, and so on, where double-digit numbers are made up from the kanji characters for zero through nine
<daiji>	Numbers used in financial or banking contexts made up of old-style kanji numerals
<hira gojuon>	Hiragana characters in the standard order
<kata gojuon>	Katakana characters in the standard order
<hira iroha>	Hiragana characters in the literary order (rare)
<kata iroha>	Katakana characters in the literary order (rare)

The following counters in autonumber formats are allowed in RTL languages such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Farsi. For details on the formats, see Counters in autonumber formats.